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A&P 4.1 For Orgs Release notes

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4.1.17 (1/12/17)

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Anatomy & Physiology presents core functions of all body systems, including

  • Cells and Tissues
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Circulatory
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive

App Content 

Here are the content, and views in Anatomy & Physiology for Site Licenses 2017 Edition.

Cells and Tissue Introduction

  • Cells and Tissue Cells and Tissue Overview
  • Cell Functions
  • Cell types
  • Cell Structure and Function Parts of a Cell
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Structure of the Plasma Membrane
  • Passive and Active Transport
  • Transport Vesicles
  • Osmosis
  • Organelles
  • Cytoskeleton and Centrosome
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Complex
  • Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Cellular Respiration Definition
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Proteins
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Transcription Definition
  • Transcription
  • Translation Definition
  • Codons and the Ribosome
  • Translation
  • Parts of a Cell
  • Cell Structure and Function Dissection

Cell Life Cycle Replication

  • Cell Cycle
  • Mitosis
  • Mitotic Spindle
  • Meiosis
  • Meiosis and Gametes
  • Replication

Tissue types in the Body

  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Compact and Spongy Bone Tissue
  • Skeletal Connective Tissue
  • Tendons
  • Function and Components of Blood
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Types of Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
  • Neuron Structure
  • Tissue Repair
  • Tissue Repair and Scarring
  • Tissue types in the Body

Integumentary System Introduction

  • Integumentary System Integumentary System Overview
  • Integumentary Structures
  • Integumentary Functions

Integumentary System Skin Layers

  • Epidermis Layers
  • Skin Cells
  • Epidermis Cells
  • Dermis Layers
  • Sebaceous Glands
  • Sudoriferous Glands
  • Dermal Circulation
  • Vitamin D Synthesis
  • Integumentary Innervation
  • Dermatomes
  • Hair
  • Hair Structure
  • Hair Functions
  • Nails
  • Mammary Glands Integ
  • Tissue Repair
  • Tissue Repair and Scarring
  • Skin Layers
  • Integumentary System Dissection

Skeletal System and Joints

  • Introduction: Skeletal System/Joints Skeletal System Overview
  • Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
  • Function of the Skeleton

Types of Bones

  • Bone types
  • Flat Bones
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bones
  • Bone types

Bone Tissue

  • Bone Marrow
  • Interior of a Long Bone
  • Parts of a Long Bone
  • Compact and Spongy Bone Tissue
  • Osteon
  • Bone Cells
  • Flat Bone Formation
  • Flat Bones in the Skull
  • Long Bone Formation and Growth
  • Long Bones in the Limbs
  • Types of Fractures
  • Bone Repair
  • Calcium in the Skeleton
  • Osteoporosis
  • Healthy and Osteoporotic Bone
  • Bone Marrow

Axial Skeleton

  • Axial Skeleton
  • Skull
  • Cranial Bones
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Skull Sutures
  • Fontanelles
  • Facial Skeleton I
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Facial Skeleton II
  • Palatine
  • Lacrimal
  • Auditory Ossicles
  • Foramina of Skull
  • Bones of the Orbit
  • Nasal Septum
  • Hyoid
  • Vertebral Column
  • Vertebra
  • Ligaments of the Spine
  • Intervertebral Joints
  • Cervical Spine
  • C04 Vertebra
  • Thoracic Spine
  • T04 Vertebra
  • Lumbar Spine
  • L03 Vertebra
  • Sacral Spine
  • Thoracic Cage
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Axial Skeleton Dissection

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
  • Muscular Stabilization
  • Upper Limb
  • Arm and Forearm
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpus (Wrist) I
  • Carpus (Wrist) II
  • Carpal Tunnel
  • Hand
  • Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Male and Female Pelvis
  • Lower Limb
  • Thigh and Leg
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsus
  • Foot Arches
  • Foot
  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton Dissection

Joints

  • Joints in the Skull
  • Synarthroses (No Movement) Skull Sutures
  • Synarthroses (No Movement) Gomphoses
  • Synarthroses (No Movement) Synchrondoses
  • Syndesmoses (Slight Movement)
  • Symphyses (Slight Movement)
  • Synovial Joints (Full Movement)
  • Structure of Synovial Joints
  • Gliding (Plane) Joints Movement
  • Gliding Joints in the Skeleton
  • Hinge Joints Movement
  • Hinge Joints in the Skeleton
  • Pivot Joints Movement
  • Pivot Joints in the Skeleton
  • Condyloid Joints Movement
  • Condyloid Joints in the Skeleton
  • Saddle Joints Movement
  • Saddle Joints in the Skeleton
  • Ball-and-Socket Joints Movement
  • Ball-and-Socket Joints in the Skeleton
  • Ligaments and Synovial Joints
  • Joints and Aging
  • Joints
  • Joints Dissection

Muscle Tissue and Muscular System Introduction

  • Muscular System
  • Muscular System Overview
  • Muscle Types
  • Types of Muscle Tissue
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle2
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Muscular Anatomy

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  • Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle Function
  • Action Potential
  • Cross Bridge Formation
  • Skeletal Muscle Innervation
  • Skeletal Muscle Structure
  • Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  • Smooth Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle Function
  • Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Stomach Layers
  • Trachea and Bronchi
  • Blood Vessel Walls
  • Urinary Reproductive
  • Urinary Reproductive Systems Male
  • Cardiac Muscle Innervation
  • Myocardium and Heart Wall
  • Myocardium Muscular
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Tissue Dissection

Muscular System

  • Muscle Interactions
  • Skeletal Muscle Attachments
  • Chin Raise
  • Calf Raise
  • Elbow Flexion
  • Scalp and Eyebrow
  • Upper Mouth
  • Lower Mouth
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
  • Mastication
  • Tongue
  • Suprahyoid
  • Infrahyoid
  • Head Movements
  • Splenius
  • Erector Spinae
  • Spinalis
  • Longissimus
  • Iliocostalis
  • Transversospinales
  • Semispinalis
  • Rotatores
  • Segmental
  • Scalenes
  • Spinal Flexors
  • Abdomen
  • Pelvic Diaphragm
  • Superficial Perineal
  • Deep Perineal
  • Breathing
  • Shoulder Girdle Movements, Anterior
  • Shoulder Girdle Movements, Posterior
  • Prime Movers
  • Synergists Fixators
  • Rotator Cuff
  • Elbow Flexors
  • Elbow Extensors
  • Pronation Supination
  • Superficial Flexors
  • Deep Flexors
  • Superficial Extensors
  • Deep Extensors
  • Thenar
  • Hypothenar
  • Midpalmar
  • Iliopsoas
  • Gluteal
  • Lateral Rotators
  • Thigh Anterior Compartment
  • Quadriceps
  • Medial Compartment
  • Adductors
  • Posterior Compartment (Hamstrings)
  • Lower Leg Anterior Compartment
  • Lateral Compartment
  • Posterior Compartment (Superficial)
  • Posterior Compartment (Deep)
  • Dorsum
  • Plantar Layer 1
  • Plantar Layer 2
  • Plantar Layer 3
  • Plantar Layer 4
  • Muscle Interactions
  • Muscular System Dissection

Nervous System and Special Senses Introduction

  • Nervous System/Special Senses Nervous System Overview
  • Nervous System Anatomy
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Nervous System Functions
  • Special Sensory Organs

Nervous Tissue

  • Nervous Tissue in the Body
  • Neuron Structure
  • Types of Neurons
  • CNS Neuroglia
  • PNS Neuroglia
  • Neuron Function
  • Resting and Action Potentials
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)
  • Dopamine
  • Nervous Tissue in the Body

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

  • Spinal Cord
  • Vertebra
  • Spinal Nerve Roots
  • Gray and White Matter
  • Sensory Signals
  • Motor Commands
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Spinal Nerve Regions
  • Dermatomes
  • Cervical Plexus
  • Cervical Innervation
  • Brachial Plexus Nervous
  • Brachial Innervation I
  • Brachial Innervation II
  • Brachial Innervation III
  • Lumbosacral Plexus I
  • Lumbosacral Plexus II
  • Lumbosacral Innervation
  • Somatic Reflex Arc
  • Path of Reflex Arc
  • Spinal Cord
  • Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Dissection

Brain

  • Brain in Context
  • Brain Regions
  • Brain Cross Section
  • Ventricles of the Brain
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Blood Supply to the Brain
  • Brain Stem
  • Medulla and Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Cerebellum Anatomy
  • Cerebellum Function
  • Diencephalon
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Limbic System
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
  • Features of the Cerebral Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
  • Functional Regions and Cortex Anatomy
  • Hemispheric Lateralization
  • Brain in Context
  • Brain Dissection
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Special Sensory Cranial Nerves
  • Motor Cranial Nerves
  • Mixed Cranial Nerves
  • Olfactory Nerves (I)
  • Olfaction
  • Optic Nerves (II)
  • Vision
  • Oculomotor Nerves (III)
  • Trochlear Nerves (IV)
  • Trigeminal Nerves (V)
  • Ophthalmic Branch of Trigeminal Nerve
  • Maxillary Branch of Trigeminal Nerve
  • Mandibular Branch of Trigeminal Nerve
  • Abducens Nerves (VI)
  • Facial Nerves (VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)
  • Vagus Nerves (X)
  • Accessory Nerves (XI)
  • Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)
  • Cranial Nerves Dissection

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • Autonomic and Somatic Functions
  • Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Functions
  • Somatic Sensory Signals
  • Touch Receptors
  • Somatic Motor Signals
  • Skeletal Muscle Function
  • Somatic Sensory and Motor Pathways
  • Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
  • Autonomic Nervous Functions
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic Nervous Functions
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous Functions
  • Autonomic and Somatic Functions

Special Senses

Special Sensory Organs

  • Olfaction
  • Olfactory Pathway
  • Tongue Nervous
  • Taste Buds
  • Papillae
  • Taste Pathway
  • Eyes in Context
  • Eye
  • Eye Layers
  • Lacrimal Apparatus
  • Eye Interior
  • Retina
  • Rods and Cones
  • Vision
  • Types of Vision
  • Vision Pathway
  • Optic Chiasm
  • Ear
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear
  • Cochlea Cross Section
  • Organ of Corti
  • Hearing
  • Auditory Pathway
  • Equilibrium
  • Equilibrium Pathway
  • Special Sensory Organs
  • Eye Dissection
  • Ear Dissection
  • Cochlea Dissection
  • Tongue Dissection
  • Papillae Dissection

Endocrine System Introduction

  • Endocrine System Endocrine System Overview
  • Primary Endocrine Organs
  • Secondary Endocrine Organs
  • Hormone Action and Regulation Hormone Action
  • Hormone Circulation
  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary
  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hormones
  • Hypothalamus Hormones
  • Hypophyseal Portal System
  • Anterior Pituitary Hormones
  • Posterior Pituitary Hormones
  • Target Organs of Pituitary Hormones
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin (OXT)
  • Hormone Action

Endocrine Organs and Functions

  • Primary and Secondary Endocrine Organs
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Thyroid Hormones
  • Parathyroid Glands
  • Parathyroid Hormones
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Adrenal Cortex Hormones
  • Adrenal Medulla Hormones
  • Pineal Gland and Hormones
  • Pancreas
  • Pancreatic Islets
  • Blood Glucose Level
  • Ovaries Endo
  • Testes Endo
  • Kidneys
  • Heart Endo
  • Thymus
  • Stress Response
  • Primary and Secondary Endocrine Organs
  • Endocrine Organs and Functions Dissection

Circulatory System Introduction

  • Circulatory System Circulatory System Overview
  • Circulatory Anatomy
  • Arteries and Veins
  • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange

Blood Function and Components of Blood

  • Blood Plasma
  • Plasma Protein Production
  • Production of RBCs
  • Erythropoietin and RBC Production
  • Function of RBCs
  • Oxygen Transport
  • Function of WBCs
  • Function of Platelets
  • Red Blood Cell Production
  • Function and Components of Blood

Heart

  • Heart Overview
  • Heart, Lungs
  • Thoracic Cage
  • Heart, Inferior
  • Heart Wall
  • Myocardium
  • Heart Chambers
  • Heart Chambers Animation
  • Heart Chamber Functions
  • Heart Valves I
  • Heart Valves
  • Heart Valves II
  • Heart Interior
  • Cardiac Cycle and Blood Flow
  • Heart, Anterior
  • Heart, Posterior
  • Coronary Circulation
  • Coronary Veins
  • Left Coronary Arteries
  • Right Coronary Arteries
  • Conduction System
  • Heart Conduction
  • Heart Conduction I
  • EKG
  • Cardiac Cycle
  • Systole and Diastole
  • Cardiac Output
  • Heart Innervation
  • Heart Overview
  • Heart Dissection

Blood Vessels and Circulation

  • Vessel Structure
  • Vessel Walls
  • Artery Structure
  • Vein Structure
  • Capillaries
  • Blood Pressure
  • Measuring Pressure
  • Systolic and Diastolic Pressure
  • Circulatory Routes
  • Pulmonary Circulation Illustration
  • Bronchi
  • Pulmonary Circulation
  • Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Great Vessels
  • Head Arteries I
  • Head Arteries II
  • Circle of Willis I
  • Circle of Willis II
  • Circle of Willis III
  • Brain Arteries
  • Upper Limb A. I
  • Upper Limb A. II
  • Upper Limb A. III
  • Thorax Arteries I
  • Thorax Arteries II
  • Abdominal Aorta I
  • Abdominal Aorta II
  • Abdomen Arteries I
  • Abdomen Arteries II
  • Intestinal Arteries I
  • Intestinal Arteries II
  • Pelvic Arteries I
  • Pelvic Arteries II
  • Leg Arteries I
  • Leg Arteries II
  • Foot Arteries I
  • Foot Arteries II
  • Head Veins I
  • Head Veins II
  • Venous Sinuses I
  • Venous Sinuses II
  • Upper Limb V. I
  • Upper Limb V. II
  • Hand Veins
  • Thorax Veins I
  • Thorax Veins II
  • Azygos System
  • Abdomen Veins
  • Hepatic Portal
  • Intestinal Veins I
  • Intestinal Veins II
  • Pelvic Veins I
  • Pelvic Veins II
  • Leg Veins I
  • Leg Veins II
  • Foot Veins I
  • Foot Veins II
  • Vessel Structure
  • Blood Vessels and Circulation Dissection

Lymphatic System Introduction

  • Lymphatic System Overview
  • Lymphatic System Structures
  • Lymphatic Functions

Lymphatic System

  • Lymph Circulation
  • Lymphatic Vessels and Veins
  • Thoracic Duct
  • Right Lymphatic Duct
  • Lymph Trunks
  • Lymphocyte Production
  • Thymus Lymph
  • Spleen
  • Lymph Node Function
  • Lymph Node Distribution
  • Lymph Node Structure
  • Lymph Circulation
  • Lymphatic System Dissection

Immunity

  • Physical Defenses
  • Innate Immunity
  • Innate Immune Response
  • Phagocytosis
  • Function of WBCs
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Adaptive Immune Response
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
  • Physical Defenses

Respiratory System Introduction

  • Respiratory System Overview
  • Respiratory Anatomy
  • Pulmonary Ventilation
  • External Respiration
  • Internal Respiration

Upper Respiratory System

  • Upper Respiratory System
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Nasal Septum
  • Bones of the Nasal Cavity
  • Nasal Cartilages
  • Upper Respiratory
  • Nasal Mucosa
  • Filtration of Air
  • Respiratory Defenses
  • Sneezing
  • Olfaction
  • Olfaction QV
  • Pharynx
  • Function of the Epiglottis
  • Larynx, Posterior
  • Larynx, Anterior
  • Phonation
  • Vocal Folds and Musculature
  • Upper Respiratory System
  • Upper Respiratory System Dissection

Lower Respiratory System

  • Lower Respiratory System
  • Location of the Trachea
  • Cartilaginous Rings
  • The Trachea and Bronchi
  • Lungs in Anatomical Context
  • Right Lung, Gross Anatomy
  • Left Lung, Gross Anatomy
  • Lung Hilum
  • Bronchial Tree
  • Alveoli
  • Respiratory Membrane
  • Blood Supply to the Lungs
  • Pulmonary Circulation, R
  • Lower Respiratory System
  • Lower Respiratory System Dissection

Respiration

  • Breathing
  • Pulmonary Ventilation2
  • Muscles of Inhalation
  • Muscles of Exhalation
  • External Respiration Movie
  • External Respiration2
  • Daltons Law
  • Internal Respiration Movie
  • Internal Respiration2
  • Breathing Rate and Regulation
  • Respiratory Regulation
  • Breathing
  • Respiration Dissection

Digestive System Introduction

  • Digestive Overview
  • Digestive Anatomy
  • Digestive Process
  • Alimentary Canal
  • Digestive Juices
  • Production of Digestive Juices

Oral Cavity

  • Structures of the Oral Cavity
  • Oral Cavity
  • Chewing and Swallowing
  • Function of Oral Cavity Structures
  • Teeth
  • Upper Arch
  • Lower Arch
  • Tooth Cross-Section
  • Tongue Digestive
  • Tongue Image
  • Salivary Glands
  • Mastication Muscles
  • Epiglottis, Larynx
  • Structures of the Oral Cavity
  • Oral Cavity Dissection

Esophagus and Stomach

  • Peristalsis
  • Peristalsis in the Digestive Tract
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach Regions
  • Stomach Wall
  • Stomach Sphincters
  • Stomach Vasculature
  • Peristalsis
  • Esophagus and Stomach Dissection

Accessory Organs of Digestion

  • Accessory Organs
  • Liver Lobes
  • Liver Ligaments
  • Hepatic Portal System
  • Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
  • Bile Ducts
  • Pancreatic Ducts
  • Blood Supply to Accessory Organs
  • Accessory Organs
  • Accessory Organs Dissection

Small and Large Intestines

  • Absorption
  • Absorption Structures
  • Intestinal Vasculature
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Colon Regions
  • Taenia Coli
  • Large Intestine Image
  • Defecation Reflex
  • Absorption
  • Small and Large Intestines Dissection

Urinary System Introduction

  • Urinary System Overview
  • Male Urinary Anatomy
  • Female Urinary Anatomy
  • Urinary Functions

Kidney

  • Anatomy and Physiology Position of the Kidneys
  • Kidney Anatomy qv
  • Blood Supply to the Kidneys
  • Blood Flow Through the Nephron
  • Nephron Structure
  • Position of the Kidneys
  • Kidney Dissection

Urine Production

  • Filtration Process
  • Filtration
  • Filtration Membrane
  • Reabsorption and Secretion
  • Reabsorption and Secretion Process
  • Urine Composition
  • Function of ADH
  • Filtration Process

Urine Storage and Elimination

  • Pathway of Urine
  • Ureters
  • Bladder in Female
  • Bladder in Male
  • Bladder Anatomy
  • Micturition Reflex
  • Nervous Control of Micturition
  • Urethral Sphincters
  • Female Urethra
  • Male Urethra
  • Pathway of Urine
  • Urine Storage and Elimination Dissection

Reproductive System Introduction

  • Reproductive System Overview
  • Male Reproductive Anatomy
  • Female Reproductive Anatomy

Male Reproductive System

  • Male Reproductive Organs in Context
  • Testes and Spermatic Cords
  • Testicle Internal Anatomy
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Urethra
  • Accessory Glands
  • Semen Production
  • Penis Internal Anatomy
  • Blood Supply to Male Genitalia
  • Male Sexual Response
  • Male Sex Hormones
  • Male Reproductive Organs in Context
  • Male Reproductive System Dissection

Female Reproductive System

  • Female Reproductive Organs in Context
  • Ligaments
  • Ovaries
  • Ovary Internal Anatomy
  • Oogenesis
  • Relationship of Ovaries to Uterus
  • Blood Supply to Uterus and Ovaries
  • Vagina
  • External Genitalia
  • Female Reproductive Cycle
  • Ovulation
  • Female Sex Hormones
  • Mammary Glands
  • Lactation
  • Lactation Hormones
  • Female Reproductive Organs in Context
  • Female Reproductive System Dissection

Sexual Reproduction and Development

  • Gametes to Zygote
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Fertilization to Implantation
  • Path of Zygote
  • Two Weeks After Conception
  • A Developing Embryo
  • Hormones During Pregnancy
  • Hormones and Fetal Development
  • How Twins Develop
  • Taking Shape
  • Fetal Reproductive Development
  • Fetal Development
  • Birth
  • Stages of Birth
  • Reproductive Lifespan
  • Gametes to Zygote